The Nigerian Mining Journal (NMJ) is the technical publication of the Nigerian Society of Mining Engineers (NSME). The Journal publishes peer-reviewed papers covering various field of Mining Engineering, Minerals Engineering, Geological and Geotechnical Engineering, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering. The papers provide in-depth information on research findings from various aspects of actual exploitation of minerals and related engineering practice. NMJ plays a critical role by publishing scientific and technical information to advance Nigeria’s mining and geosciences sector, fostering knowledge dissemination, supporting policy and ethical standards, and contributing to economic diversification away from oil dependence. It provides a platform for disseminating research, attracting investment, and promoting the sustainable and responsible development of Nigeria’s vast mineral resources.a